IoT development boards are equipped with an operating system or firmware that runs on the microcontroller, responsible for managing the board’s components, memory, and power consumption. 

Additionally, these boards may contain an array of basic electronic components such as connectors, switches, resistors, and capacitors to enable the construction of a functional circuit and device.

These output devices are utilized to create the desired output action of IoT devices. These devices, which include relays, motors, LEDs, and buzzers, are controlled by the microcontroller based on the input data or commands received. 

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